Compositional and Structural Analysis of Selected Crop Residues and Potential Applications
Downloads
Population growth, increased food production and consumption, and industrialization have increased the number of crop residues generated in contemporary times. Inappropriate disposal of crop residues pollutes the atmosphere, contaminates water bodies, and exacerbates environmental degradation. Modification and conversion of crop residues to useful products are low-cost, eco-friendly, and contribute to achieving environmental sustainability. This study carries out experimental compositional analysis of plantain peel (PP), orange peel (OP), and corn cob (CC) to provide the necessary information in deciding their appropriate pretreatment techniques, conversion methods, and application options. The proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate constitutes 53.78 %, 62.75 %, and 67.58 % of PP, OP, and CC, respectively. Potassium has the highest concentration in PP with 657.50 ppm and CC with 381.50 ppm while magnesium is the most prominent element in OP with 254.30 ppm. Cellulose dominates the structural composition of PP, OP, and CC with 47.18 %, 65.56 %, and 56.48 %, respectively, followed by lignin, hemicellulose, and extractives. The outcomes of these analyses showed that with appropriate pretreatment, modifications, and conversion technologies, PP, OP, and CC can be converted to biogas, bioethanol, biomethane, and biohydrogen, and used as catalysts, biochar, and other value-added applications.
UN. Population. Available online https://ourworldindata.org/future-population-growt . Accessed 18 May 2023
Statista. Global municipal solid waste generation projection 2016-2050. https://www.statista.com/statistics/916625/global-generation-of-municipal-solid-waste-forecast/ Accessed 18 May 2023
Tiseo I. Generation of solid waste in select African countries 2016. Available online https://www.statista.com/statistics/1040609/msw-generation-in-african-countries/ Accessed 18 May 2023
Tiseo I. Global waste management market value 2020-2030. Available online https://www.statista.com/statistics/246178/projected-global-waste-management-market-size/ Accessed 18 May 2023
Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV, Bello KA. Resource Recycling with the Aim of Achieving Zero-Waste Manufacturing. Sustainability 2022;14(8):4503.
Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV, Aigbodion VS. Trends in the development and utilization of agricultural wastes as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. J Energy Inst 2021;98:244-258.
Awasthi SK, Sarsaiya S, Kumar V, Chaturvedi P. Processing of municipal solid waste resources for a circular economy in China: An overview. Fuel 2022;317:123478.
Mahongnao S, Sharma P, Nanda S. Conversion of waste materials into different by-products of economic value. In Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World. Singh P, Verma P, Singh R, Ahamad A, Batalhão ACS. (Eds). Netherlands: Elsevier, 2023, pp. 665-699.
Ajayi VA, Lateef A. Biotechnological valorization of agrowastes for circular bioeconomy: Melon seed shell, groundnut shell and groundnut peel. Clean Circ Bioecon 2023;4:100039.
Capanoglu E, Nemli E, Tomas-Barberan F. Novel approaches in the valorization of agricultural wastes and their applications. J Agric Food Chem 2022;70(23):6787-6804.
Reddy SS, Chhabra V. Crop Residue Burning: Is It a Boon or a Bane?. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2022;53(18):2353-2364.
Lin M, Begho T. Crop residue burning in South Asia: A review of the scale, effect, and solutions with a focus on reducing reactive nitrogen losses. J Environ Manage 2022;314:115104.
Wang X, Han L, Yang L, Liu Q, Devlet A, Xie G. The spatiotemporal availability of crop residue for biofuel feedstock in East and Central‐South China. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 2022;16(1):303-318.
Jha S, Nanda S, Acharya B, Dalai AK. A review of thermochemical conversion of waste biomass to biofuels. Energies 2022;15(17):6352.
Hoang AT, Goldfarb JL, Foley AM, Lichtfouse E, et al., Production of biochar from crop residues and its application for anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 2022;363:127970.
James A, Sánchez A, Prens J, Yuan W. Biochar from agricultural residues for soil conditioning: Technological status and life cycle assessment. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2022;25:100314.
Cho SH, Lee S, Kim Y, Song H, et al. Applications of agricultural residue biochars to removal of toxic gases emitted from chemical plants: A review. Sci. Total Environ 2023;868:161655.
Raza ST, Wu J, Rene ER, Ali Z, Chen Z. Reuse of agricultural wastes, manure, and biochar as an organic amendment: A review on its implications for vermicomposting technology. J Clean Prod 2022:360;132200.
Kumar M, Ambika S, Hassani A, Nidheesh PV. Waste to catalyst: Role of agricultural waste in water and wastewater treatment. Sci. Total Environ 2023:858;159762.
Khedulkar AP, Pandit B, Dang VD, Doong R. Agricultural waste to real worth biochar as a sustainable material for supercapacitor. Sci Total Environ 2023:869;161441.
Ngoc-Dan Cao T, Mukhtar H, Yu CP, Bui XT, Pan SY. Agricultural waste-derived biochar in microbial fuel cells towards a carbon-negative circular economy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2022:170;112965.
Paul Nayagam JO, Prasanna K. Utilization of shell-based agricultural waste adsorbents for removing dyes: A review. Chemosphere 2022:291;132737.
Yousheng D, Keqin Z, Wenjie L, Qian S, Erli M. Advances in the application of crop residues as aggregates and cementing materials in concrete. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 2023;1-8.
Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV. Pretreatment techniques for agricultural waste. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2022:6;100229.
Awogbemi O, Kallon EVV. Application of biochar derived from crops residues for biofuel production. Fuel Commun 2023:15;100088.
Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV. Valorization of agricultural wastes for biofuel applications. Heliyon 2022:8(10);e11117.
Orodu VE, Abasi C, George F. Removal of heavy metals (cadmium and zinc ions) from aqueous solution using treated powdered plantain (musa paradisiaca) stalk as adsorbent. Trends Biochem Eng 2020:1(1);1-19.
Serna‐Jiménez JA, Siles López JA, de los Ángeles Martín Santos M, Chica Pérez AF. Exploiting waste derived from Musa spp. processing: Banana and plantain. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 2023;1-10.
Ali NM. The effect of plantain and banana peel ash on the properties of concrete. Int J Innov Eng Technol 2022:9(4);31-37.
Gavahian M, Chu YH, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Recent advances in orange oil extraction: An opportunity for the valorisation of orange peel waste a review. Int J Food Sci 2019:54(4);925-932.
Siddiqui SA, Pahmeyer MJ, Assadpour E, JafarSM. Extraction and purification of d-limonene from orange peel wastes: Recent advances. Ind Crops Prod 2022:177;114484.
Mohsin A, Hussain MH, Zaman WQ, Mohsin MZ, et al. Advances in sustainable approaches utilizing orange peel waste to produce highly value-added bioproducts. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:42(8);1284-1303.
Wakudkar H, Jain S. A holistic overview on corn cob biochar: A mini-review. Waste Manag Res 2022:40(8);1143-1155.
Murthi P, Poongodi K, Gobinath R. Effects of Corn Cob Ash as Mineral Admixture on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete–A Review. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 1006, Sustainable Construction Technologies & Advancements in Civil Engineering (ScTACE-2020) 9-10 October 2020, Bhimavaram, India 2020:1006(1);012027.
Arumugam A, Malolan VV, Ponnusami V. Contemporary pretreatment strategies for bioethanol production from corncobs: a comprehensive review. Waste Biomass Valorization 2021:12;577-612.
FAO. Food and agriculture data. Available online https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ Accessed 18 May 2023
The Science Agriculture. Plantain producers. Available online https://scienceagri.com/10-worlds-biggest-plantain-producers Accessed 20 May 2023
Agama-Acevedo E, Sañudo-Barajas J, Vélez De La Rocha R, González-Aguilar G, Bello-Perez LA. Potential of plantain peels flour (Musa paradisiaca L.) as a source of dietary fiber and antioxidant compound. CYTA J Food 2016:14(1);117-123.
Shahbandeh M. Global leading orange producers 2021/2022. Avaialbel online https://www.statista.com/statistics/1044840/major-orange-producers-worldwide/# Accessed 20 May 2023
Xiong H, Wang J, Ran Q, Lou G, et al. Hesperidin: A therapeutic agent for obesity. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019:3855-3866.
Bouslimani A, da Silva R, Kosciolek T, Janssen S, et al. The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC biology 2019:17;1-20.
Shahbandeh M. Corn production worldwide 2022/2023. Available online https://www.statista.com/statistics/254292/global-corn-production-by-country/. Accessed 20 May 2023
Kazerooni EG, Atia Sharif HN, Rehman R, Nisar S. Maize (Corn)-A useful source of human nutrition and health: a critical. Int J Chem Biochem Sci 2019:15;35-41.
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington, DC. Available online https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/aoac.methods.1.1990.pdf Accessed 20 May 2023
Mæhre HK, Dalheim L, Edvinsen GK, Elvevoll EO, Jensen IJ. Protein determination—method matters. Foods 2018:7(1);5.
AOAC. Official methods of analysis of the association of official’s analytical chemists, 17th edn. Association of official analytical chemists, Arlington, Virginia; 2003.
Etiosa OR, Chika NB, Benedicta A. Mineral and proximate composition of soya bean. Asian J Phys Chem Sci 2017:4(3);1-6.
Jin X, Chen X, Shi C, Li M, et al. Determination of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content using visible and near infrared spectroscopy in Miscanthus sinensis. Bioresour Technol 2017:241;603-609.
Abubakar U, Yusuf KM, Safiyanu I, Abdullahi S, et al. Proximate and mineral composition of corn cob, banana and plantain peels. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 2016:1(6);25-27.
Naqvi SAZ, Irfan A, Zaheer S, Sultan A, et al. Proximate composition of orange peel, pea peel and rice husk wastes and their potential use as antimicrobial agents and antioxidants. Vegetos 2021:34;470-476.
Gotmare S, Gade J. Orange peel: A potential source of phytochemical compounds. Int. J. ChemTech Res 2018;11:240-243.
Shariff A, Mohamad Aziz NS, Ismail NI, Abdullah N. Corn Cob as a Potential Feedstock for Slow Pyrolysis of Biomass. J Phys Sci 2016;27(2):123–137.
Ayala JR, Montero G, Coronado MA, García G, et al. Characterization of orange peel waste and valorization to obtain reducing sugars. Molecules 2021;26(5):1348.
Thangavelu K, Desikan R, Taran OP, Uthand S. Delignification of corncob via combined hydrodynamic cavitation and enzymatic pretreatment: process optimization by response surface methodology. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2018;11(1):1-13.
Arun K, Persia F, Aswathy PS, et al. Plantain peel-a potential source of antioxidant dietary fibre for developing functional cookies. J Food Sci Technol 2015;52:6355-6364.
Oyeleye SI, Olasehinde TA, Odumosu IP, Oboh G. Plantain peels restore sexual performance, hormonal imbalance, and modulate nitric oxide production and key enzymes of penile function in paroxetine‐sexually impaired male rats. J Food Biochem 2022;46(11):e14261.
Agwa OK, Nwosu IG, Abu GO. Bioethanol production from Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivated with plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels extract. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2017;8(12):478.
Jumare F, Magashi A, Rabah A, Sokoto A, Ibrahim A, Usman M. Evaluating the Potentials of Banana and Plantain Peels for Biofuel Production in Nigeria. J Energy Res Rev 2022;11(3):43-49.
Jayaraju RM, Gaddam K, Ravindiran G, Palani S, et al. Biochar from waste biomass as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production: an overview. Appl Nanosci 2022;12(12):3665-3676.
Samadhi TW, Wulandari W, Amalia RA, Khairunnisah R. Potassium recovery from tropical biomass ash. AIP Conf Proc 2019;2085(1):020003.
Huang LZ, Ma MG, Ji XX, Choi SE, Si C. Recent developments and applications of hemicellulose from wheat straw: A review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol 2021;9:690773.
Yoo CG, Meng X, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. The critical role of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass conversion and recent pretreatment strategies: A comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol 2020;301:122784.
