Optimization of the Removal of Antibiotics from Pharmaceutical Wastewater on Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology
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The improper disposal of antibiotics by pharmaceutical industries poses significant risks to both human health and the ecosystem. Although the concentration of these antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater may appear insignificant, studies have revealed that these substances are non-biodegradable and contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria known as superbugs. This research aims to optimize the removal of antibiotics from pharmaceutical wastewater using activated carbon and response surface methodology (RSM). The study investigates the impact of experimental variables, namely adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH, on the removal of ampicillin. The proximate analysis of the produced adsorbent reveals ash content, moisture content, and pH values of 6.79%, 13.27%, and 8.73, respectively. The FTIR analysis confirms the presence of the –OH– functional group resulting from the activation process with KOH, which enhances the adsorption process. The study identifies the optimal conditions for ampicillin removal as follows: a contact time of 26.3 minutes, an adsorbent dose of 341.4 mg, and a pH of 7.6. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency reaches 84.36%. The analysis of variance demonstrates that the developed model effectively represents the experimental data, and validation results indicate a margin of error of approximately 2.7%, which falls within an acceptable range. Consequently, this research concludes that the implementation of Central Composite Design (CCD) based on RSM successfully optimizes the removal efficiency of ampicillin from pharmaceutical wastewater.
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