Dynamical Phenomena of The Superparticles
Downloads
In the present study, the transition speed, time travel, acceleration, potential energy, kinetic energy, and mechanical energy of the superparticles could be determined. Superparticles maybe formed from dragged and condensed matter in the depths of a black hole under extreme conditions. If enough mass of Ordinary matter and energy has been dropped quickly from an accretion disc of a black hole and exposed to the powerful tidal force of a black hole singularity to be violently vibrated, concentrated, and squeezed steeply to form ultra-massive particles named superparticles. Superparticles have different types and undergo violent dynamical phenomena. The superparticles have been classified into four categories: Turbulent Superparticles, Superparticle Clusters, Fused Superparticles, and Survived Superparticles. The speed of superparticles exceeds the speed of light to escape from the singularity and become seeds for newborn black holes. A black hole can grow by collecting mass from its surroundings or by merging with two or more black holes. In mainstream astrophysics and general relativity, degeneracy pressure is overcome by gravity during gravitational collapse, meaning no stable degeneracy pressure—from "fermionic particles" or any other hypothetical entities—can prevent the formation of a point-like or ring-like singularity at the center of a black hole. In theoretical astrophysics, the idea is that quantum gravity introduces a final, fundamental layer of superparticles' degeneracy pressure that halts a black hole's collapse, replacing the infinitely dense point singularity with a stable, finite physical structure.
Meierovich, B.E. Static State of a Black Hole Supported by Dark Matter. Universe 2019, 5, 198.
https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5090198.
Zheng, Y.; Yang, R.-J. Entropy and Energy of Static Spherically Symmetric Black Hole in f(R) Theory. Universe 2020, 6, 47.
https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6030047.
Paranjape, A.; Sarkar, S.; Padmanabhan, T. Thermodynamic route to field equations in Lancos-Lovelock gravity. Phys. Rev. D 2006, 74, 104015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.74.104015.
Elizalde, E.; Silva, P.J. F(R) gravity equation of state. Phys. Rev. D 2008, 78, 061501.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.78.061501.
Jacobson, T. Thermodynamics of space-time: The Einstein equation of state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 1260–1263.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260.
Sheykhi, A., Dehghani, M.H. & Dehghani, R. Horizon thermodynamics and gravitational field equations in quasi-topological gravity. Gen Relativ Gravit 46, 1679 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-014-1679-1.
Parikh, M.K. The Volume of black holes. Phys. Rev. D 2006, 73, 124021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.73.124021.
Genzel, R., Eisenhauer, F. & Gillessen, S. Experimental studies of black holes: status and future prospects. Astron Astrophys Rev 32, 3 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-024-00154-z.
Maiolino, R., Scholtz, J., Witstok, J. et al. A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe. Nature 627, 59–63 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07052-5.
Faraoni, V. Evolving Black Hole Horizons in General Relativity and Alternative Gravity. Galaxies 2013, 1, 114-179.
https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies1030114
Kirill A Bronnikov, Sergey G Rubin. (2021). (‘’Black Holes, Cosmology and Extra Dimensions’’). https://doi.org/10.1142/12186.
Leonard Susskind, and James Lindesay. (2004). (‘’ An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the String Theory Revolution’’).
Matthew A Malkan, and Ben Zuckerman. (2020). (“Origin and Evolution of the Universe: From Big Bang to ExoBiology”).
https://doi.org/10.1142/11447.
Borissova, J. N., & Eichhorn, A. (2021). Towards black-hole singularity-resolution in the Lorentzian gravitational path integral. Universe, 7(3), 48.
https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7030048.
Caroll, S. M. (1997). Lecture Notes on General Relativity. arXiv e-prints, pages gr–qc/9712019. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.gr-qc/9712019.
Giddings, S. B. (2019). Black Holes in the Quantum Universe. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 377(2161), 20190029. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.08807.
GRAVITY Collaboration, R. Abuter et al., “Detection of orbital motions near the last stable circular orbit of the massive black hole Sgr A*,” A&A 618 (2018) L10.
LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaboration, B. P. Abbott et al., “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 no. 6, (2016) 061102, arXiv:1602.03837 [gr-qc].
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama et al., “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole,” Astrophys. J. 875 no. 1, (2019) L1.
Greene, J. E., Strader, J., & Ho, L. C (2020). Intermediate-Mass Black Holes. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 58, 257–312. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1911.09678.
Hartle, J. B. (2021). Collapse to a Black Hole. In Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein’s General Relativity (pp. 262–264). essay, Cambridge University Press.
Hawking, S. W., & Penrose, R. (1970). The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, 314(1519), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1970.0021.
Marsh, G. E. (2014). Rigid Rotation and the Kerr Metric. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:1404.5297. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1404.5297.
Jonathan Regan, Marios Kalomenopoulos, Kelly Kosmo O'Neil. (2025). (“ Hawking Radiation from non-evaporating primordial black holes cannot enable the formation of direct collapse black holes”). (arXiv:2411.09081v2). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.09081.
Sadiq, S. (2024). Singularity Sphere in The Heart of a Black Hole. Transactions on Engineering and Computing Sciences, 12(3), 46–63.
https://doi.org/10.14738/tecs.123.16742.
Sadiq, Sabir. 2025. “Radiations Accumulation and Rapid Transition of Particles Inside the Black Holes”. Engineering And Technology Journal 10 (1):3526-40. https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v10i01.10.
Lumen Boco, Andrea Lapi, Alex Sicilia, Giulia Capurri, Carlo Baccigalupi, Luigi Danese. (2021). (“Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds by Migration of Stellar and Primordial Black Holes: Gravitational Waves and Stochastic Background”). arXiv:2104.07682 [astro-ph.CO].
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.07682
Yongyun Chen, Qiusheng Gu, Junhui Fan, Xiaotong Guo, Xiaoling Yu, Nan Ding, Dingrong Xiong. (2025). (“The relation between black hole spin, star formation rate, and black hole mass for supermassive black holes”).
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.03223.
Gezari, Suvi (2014). "The tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes". Physics Today. 67 (5): 37– 42. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2382. ISSN 0031-9228.
Rahikainen, A. (2023) Theory to the Mystery of the Super Massive Black Holes. World Journal of Mechanics, 13, 107-126.
doi: 10.4236/wjm.2023.135006.
Swee Cheng Lim, Choy Heng Lai, and Leong Chuan Kwek. (20202). (Problems and Solutions on Mechanics). https://doi.org/10.1142/11642.
Sadiq, S. (2025). Mass and Radius of a Fabriton Particle. Engineering And Technology Journal, 10(2), 3886–3899.
https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v10i02.18.
Sadiq, S. (2026). Quantum Gravity Balance Radius. Engineering And Technology
Journal, 11(07), 10837–10856.
https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v11i07.06.
Sadiq, S. (2026). Distortion and Heating Galaxy Clusters by Supergiant Black Holes. Engineering And Technology Journal, 11(08), 11162–11181. https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v11i08.11.
Sadiq, S. (2026). Angular Momentum and Surface Temperature of the Singularity and Superparticles. Engineering And Technology Journal, 11(06), 10514–10530.
