GIS-Based Assessment of Land Use and Water Quality Compliance of Selected Class C Rivers in Central Luzon, Philippines
Downloads
This study examines observed spatial associations between land use and land cover (LULC) and water quality compliance of selected Class C rivers in Central Luzon using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and secondary data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The researchers used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze LULC patterns that exist within 500-meter buffer zones which surround river monitoring stations. The research results show that the selected rivers display three main land use patterns which include built-up areas in Marilao and fishponds in Meycauayan and Obando and agricultural land in Pampanga and Talisay. All rivers which tested for Class C water quality standards failed to meet the requirements because every testing location showed both dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform results that did not meet standards. Results revealed that Marilao and Meycauayan Rivers contained the highest levels of pollution but Pampanga and Talisay showed better water quality. The research shows that urban areas which contain aquaculture facilities are associated with higher levels of organic and microbial pollution. The findings indicate that urban and aquaculture-dominated areas are associated with higher levels of organic and microbial pollution, highlighting the need for improved land use planning and wastewater management strategies.
Chatrabhuj, Meshram, K., Mishra, U., & Omar, P. J. (2024). Integration of remote sensing data and GIS technologies in river management system. Discover Geoscience, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00080-8
Cheng, C., Zhang, F., Shi, J., & Kung, H.-T. (2022). What is the relationship between land use and surface water quality? A review and prospects from remote sensing perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21348-x
Chidiac, S., El Najjar, P., Ouaini, N., El Rayess, Y., & El Azzi, D. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Water Quality Indices (WQIs): history, models, Attempts and Perspectives. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-023-09650-7
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2016). Water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016 (Administrative Order No. 2016-08). https://pab.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DAO-2016-08-WQG-and-GES.pdf
NOAA Fisheries. (2020). River Habitat | NOAA Fisheries. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/habitat-conservation/river-habitat
Kent Anson Locke. (2024). Impacts of land use/land cover on water quality: a contemporary review for researchers and policymakers. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2024.002
Laranjo, R. D., Naguit, M. R. A., Jamolod, F. C., Jambre, K. G. E., Cabornay, N. I., Bernido, V. B., & Gahisan, M. D. S. (2023). Evaluation of the physicochemical parameters on the water quality of the major rivers of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. AIMS Environmental Science, 10(3), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2023022
Leong, S., Ismail, J., Denil, N., Sarbini, S., Wasli, W., & Debbie, A. (2018). Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo. Water, 10(11), 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111648
Mahe, A., Nasiru Salihu, & Sani, M. M. (2024). Perspective Chapter: Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality. IntechOpen EBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006354
Mapili, M. C. (1996). Land-use and water quality : a GIS evaluation of the problems, interaction, and initiatives, in the Pampanga River Basin, Central Luzon, Philippines. Open.library.ubc.ca. https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0087872
Mercado, M. J., Cai, W., Futalan, C. C., Ligaray, M., & Choi, A. E. S. (2024). Water Quality Assessment of Mananga River Using Principal Component Analysis. Philippine Journal of Science, 153(2). https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/water-quality-assessment-of-Mananga-River-using-principal-component-analysis_.pdf
Pleto, J. V., Migo, V., & Arboleda, M. D. (2020). Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan River Segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System in Bulacan, the Philippines. Journal of Health and Pollution, 10(26), 200609. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200609
Robles, K. P. V., & Monjardin, C. E. F. (2025). Assessment and Monitoring of Groundwater Contaminants in Heavily Urbanized Areas: A Review of Methods and Applications for Philippines. Water, 17(13), 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131903
Shiferaw, N., Habte, L., & Waleed, M. (2025). Land use dynamics and their impact on hydrology and water quality of a river catchment: a comprehensive analysis and future scenario. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-35946-y
United Nations. (2023). Water Quality and Wastewater. UN-Water. https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-quality-and-wastewater
Yan, C.-A., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Deng, C., & Nie, N. (2015). Assessment of Water Quality and Identification of Polluted Risky Regions Based on Field Observations & GIS in the Honghe River Watershed, China. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0119130. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119130
Zhang, C., Sargent, I., Pan, X., Li, H., Gardiner, A., Hare, J., & Atkinson, P. M. (2019). Joint Deep Learning for land cover and land use classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 221, 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.014
