Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Air Flow Geometry and Reynolds Number in Cooling Systems of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Downloads
In this study, two factors affecting the cooling performance of lithium-ion batteries have been selected and investigated using numerical methods. They have been determined as airflow geometry design and different Reynolds numbers. First, the differences between a classical flow path design (Z channel) with air inlets and outlets in the same direction and an alternative design (U channel) with air inlets and outlets in different directions have been evaluated. To understand the effect of the turbulent properties of the fluid in both designs, the results of the analyses performed using different Reynolds numbers (Re=4000, 6000, 8000, 10000, 15000) have been compared with each other. As a result, it has been observed that the U-channel design provided more homogeneous cooling on the battery surfaces and that the heat transfer is at higher values. In addition, it was observed that the Nusselt number increased with the increase in the Reynolds numbers used in the analyses. This study provides important data to understand the effects of airflow geometry and Reynolds number on the design of lithium-ion battery cooling systems and contributes to the development of optimized cooling solutions.
Nasajpour-Esfahani, N., Garmestani, H., Bagheritabar, M., Jasim, D., Toghraie, D., Dadkhah, S., & Firoozeh, H. (2024). Comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery materials and development challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 203, 114783.
An, Z., Zhang, J., Gao, W., Liu, H., & Gao, Z. (2024). Lightweight hybrid lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on 3D-printed scaffold. Journal of Energy Storage, 78, 110141.
Yamashita, A., Berg, S., & Figgemeier, E. (2024). Unsupervised learning of charge-discharge cycles from various lithium-ion battery cells to visualize dataset characteristics and to interpret model performance. Energy and AI, 17, 100409.
Shi, H., Luo, Y., Yin, C., & Ou, L. (2024). Review of the application of ionic liquid systems in achieving green and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Green Chemistry, 26(14), 8100-8122.
Chauhan, R., Santran, R., Obrecht, M., & Singh, R. (2024). Energy storage potential of used electric vehicle batteries for supporting renewable energy generation in India. Energy for Sustainable Development, 81, 101513.
Hu, C., Ye, H., Jain, G., & Schmidt, C. (2018). Remaining useful life assessment of lithium-ion batteries in implantable medical devices. Journal of Power Sources, 375, 118-130.
Xu, X., Han, X., Lu, L., Wang, F., Yang, M., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Tang, S., Hou, Y., Hou, J., Yu, C., & Ouyang, M. (2024). Challenges and opportunities toward long-life lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 603, 234445.
Akbarzadeh, M., Kalogiannis, T., Jaguemont, J., Jin, L., Behi, H., Karimi, D., Beheshti, H., Mierlo, J., & Berecibar, M. (2021). A comparative study between air cooling and liquid cooling thermal management systems for a high-energy lithium-ion battery module. Applied Thermal Engineering, 198, 117503.
Chen, D., Jiang, J., Kim, G., Yang, C., & Pesaran, A. (2016). Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium-ion battery cells. Applied Thermal Engineering, 94, 846-854.
Sen, M., Ozcan, M., & Eker, Y. (2024). A review on the lithium-ion battery problems used in electric vehicles. Next Sustainability, 3, 100036.
Deng, Y., Feng, C., Jiaqiang, E., Zhu, H., Chen, J., Wen, M., & Yin, H. (2018). Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: A review. Applied Thermal Engineering, 142, 10–29.
Thakur, A., Prabakaran, R., Elkadeem, M., Sharshir, S., Arıcı, M., Wang, C., Zhao, W., Hwang, J., & Saidur, R. (2020). A state of the art review and future viewpoint on advance cooling techniques for Lithium-ion battery system of electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 32, 101771.
Sun, H., & Dixon, R. (2014). Development of cooling strategy for an air-cooled lithium-ion battery pack. Journal of Power Sources, 272, 404-414.
Xun, J., Liu, R., & Jiao, K. (2013). Numerical and analytical modeling of lithium ion battery thermal behaviors with different cooling designs. Journal of Power Sources, 233, 47-61.
Saw, L., Ye, Y., Tay, A., Chong, W., Kuan, S., & Yew, M. (2016). Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of Lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling. Applied Energy, 177, 783–792.
Shang, Z., Qi, H., Liu, X., Ouyang, C., & Wang, Y. (2019). Structural optimization of lithium-ion battery for improving thermal performance based on a liquid cooling system. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 130, 33–41.
Chavan, S., Venkateswarlu, B., Prabakaran, R., Salman, M., Joo, S., Choi, G., & Kim, S. (2023). Thermal runaway and mitigation strategies for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries using battery cooling approach: A review of the current status and challenges. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108569.
Wang, T., Tseng, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). Development of efficient air-cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery module based on empirical heat source model. Applied Thermal Engineering, 90, 521-529.
Park, H. (2013). A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 239, 30-36.
Yang, T., Yang, N., Zhang, X., & Li, G. (2016). Investigation of the thermal performance of axial-flow air cooling for the lithium-ion battery pack. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 108, 132-144.
Kizilel, R., Sabbaha, R., Selman, J., & Al-Hallaj, S. (2009). An alternative cooling system to enhance the safety of Li-ion battery packs. Journal of Power Sources, 194, 1105–1112.
Wang, T., Tseng, K., Zhao, J., & Wei, Z. (2014). Thermal investigation of lithium-ion battery module with different cell arrangement structures and forced air-cooling strategies. Applied Energy, 134, 229–238.
Kirad, K., & Chaudhari, M. (2021). Design of cell spacing in lithium-ion battery module for improvement in cooling performance of the battery thermal management system. Journal of Power Sources, 481, 229016.
Wang, H., Tao, T., Xu, J., Mei, X., Liu, X., & Gou, P. (2020). Cooling capacity of a novel modular liquid-cooled battery thermal management system for cylindrical lithium ion batteries. Applied Thermal Engineering, 178, 115591.
Wanga, G., Bia, Z., Zhanga, A., Dasa, P., Lina, H., & Wu, Z. (2024). High-Voltage and Fast-Charging Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathodes: From Key Challenges and Strategies to Future Perspectives. Engineering, 37, 105–127.
Moraga, N., & Rivera, D. (2021). Advantages in predicting conjugate freezing of meat in a domestic freezer by CFD with turbulence k- ɛ 3D model and a local exergy destruction analysis. International Journal of Refrigeration, 126, 76–87.
Kumar, M., Muniyappan, M., & Selvan, S. (2024). Experimental and CFD analysis on the impact of hydrogen as fuel on the behavior of a passenger car gasoline direct injection engine. Journal of the Energy Institute, 113, 101487.
Hasan, H., Togun, H., Mohammed, H., Abed, A., & Homod, R. (2023). CFD simulation of effect spacing between lithium-ion batteries by using flow air inside the cooling pack. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108631.
Younoussi, S., & Ettaouil, A. (2024). Calibration method of the k-ω SST turbulence model for wind turbine performance prediction near stall condition. Journal of Energy Institute, 10(1), 24048.
Zhao, H., Li, X., & Wu, X. (2018). New friction factor and Nusselt number equations for turbulent convection of liquids with variable properties in circular tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 124, 454-462.
